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在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍使用,但大多数句子都使用主动语态,在英语中极为重要。考研中常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的海文考研执行者时,多用被动语态。$ E; N6 n8 {' w" |& B' g( D4 d
主动和被动语态的对比:/ e H' m% {5 _+ K" I% |2 l, O
主动语态* x, {2 S- ^& z" l: o! f
被动语态& f7 H& y$ P3 B. s M |
0 @, F* |. v. F3 I2 b
一般现在时
6 ` z" X% R" |. X①is\am\are②do/does(V.\V.s) am\is\are+done(V. p.p)/ ]. U3 p3 c6 R/ C% L" t; Y
一般将来时
) I+ b7 N" ^4 Z6 Y; xwill\be going to\be (about)to+do(V.) will+be+done(V. p.p)9 U$ ?& `$ @/ H' U) B& i8 g
一般过去时
3 E, v b5 L0 i% x①was\were②did(V.-ed) was\were+done(V. p.p)5 t6 |' D+ {7 E" t
现在进行时: U) i, S# Q: N& q6 d
am\is\are+doing(V.-ing) am\is\are+doing+done(V. p.p)& q$ \$ E; O) p% ?, j8 Y2 N# [
过去进行时
. W3 W: w: G6 @8 Bwas\were+doing(V.-ing) was\were+doing+done(V.p.p)% T4 q% y3 p$ D! t% V
现在完成时
; h8 s0 @5 }) P3 s, ohave\has+done(V. p.p.) have\has+been+done(V. p.p)
; x3 [! c7 F) F4 A过去完成时5 l) m( f/ \) a5 M0 ~ W/ {
had+done(V. p.p.) had+been+done(V. p.p.)
, A7 b5 l* b9 r6 c8 X$ d情态动词
3 V) k" t) n! O+ _9 w情态动词+V.+ G$ t' Y6 P2 p* t @2 z% Z
情态动词+be+done(V. p.p.)
+ i+ _( q9 D3 W$ b3 Z) F N
1 D: e# L0 u! I. K) X" C1 j6 y过去将来时
6 q% J2 b3 q) B1 Lwould/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.)2 o* L4 B' ~! ~- i# B
翻译时有以下几种翻译方法:
3 W4 W/ ^0 X1 i. d: D② 译成汉语被动句:使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为……所”等词。
* ~3 t7 k5 s) ~8 p( {( H e9 a②增加主语,即动作的实际发出者,或虚拟发出者。旅游管理考研
" n' Z3 d7 V [. M③译成汉语无主句! F9 T: K+ Z* }
另外还有一些常用被动句型的习惯译法,需要平时积累,比如:& h& S3 g: ~5 r. B, }& d1 }% v
It is hoped that... 希望……,有人希望……
$ `+ I$ r/ l( c/ s d2 }% b# H$ bIt is assumed that... 假设……,假定……
: y7 Q0 J# o$ A3 O9 L1 xIt is claimed that... 据说……,有人主张……
' B* |% N; n' @It is believed that... 有人想信……,大家相信……' S! C$ O: V" u/ @1 K+ a
It is reported that... 据报道……,据通报…… j& r/ N& H9 T
It is considered that... 人们认为……,据估计……
* c1 [- }9 X. O1 d& oIt is said that... 据说……,有人说……
) r7 m! w0 l, {/ @2 u S【真题例句】
s* A; M6 i" j% [% mIt is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.
0 ^- Q7 s" q$ l. U* r$ j H2 r【解析】+ X& E; z5 X# y4 x! T: E
It is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
9 a8 R# d0 }/ K5 |' `主句:it is imagined,其中it为形式主语,而that引导的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主语从句,为真正的主语。原文中有三个被动语态is imagined,be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:“认为”、“相比”和“掌握”。具体为:
% I( `8 U; \+ w(1)It is imagined by many 此处是“It+被动语态+that”形式的处理,译为“很多人认为”。
( S: T8 f+ ~/ k, G1 g& W4 g7 O(2)that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, 此处所用的是译成汉语主动句的处理方法,并保存原文主语译为“普通人的思维活动根本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比”。* r$ g$ b+ v2 d2 T$ h' c
(3)and that they have to be required by a sort of special training 此处所用的是译成汉语被动句的处理方法,译为“认为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握”。, |) ]3 C5 ~. G A
【参考译文】
r2 ?4 k! x7 F y许多人以为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比,认海文钻石卡为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握。! K# E3 G' \: u4 U7 D, K/ u. v
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