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在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍使用,但大多数句子都使用主动语态,在英语中极为重要。考研中常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的海文考研执行者时,多用被动语态。6 a! O! P0 Z: z) a6 u% _5 B, F
主动和被动语态的对比:$ g% Q1 l! P, S4 e/ h7 B1 U
主动语态
' P& \7 T& ?7 e$ q2 J: y0 p被动语态! P# B4 e8 T. |& Z) Y
F: u7 Z; t ^$ I! e; c u一般现在时; G( f$ I" l, ?5 a
①is\am\are②do/does(V.\V.s) am\is\are+done(V. p.p)
, `4 v J8 R2 T/ c+ r5 C7 B. v一般将来时/ ^3 @% ]- o8 o, f
will\be going to\be (about)to+do(V.) will+be+done(V. p.p)
5 i6 A. ?2 P/ G; S0 l9 p6 M& e一般过去时" u- @) v) v; \# N' d% @
①was\were②did(V.-ed) was\were+done(V. p.p)
% D7 [. F$ S, b) E现在进行时
) Y" h9 v5 {- \0 Uam\is\are+doing(V.-ing) am\is\are+doing+done(V. p.p)1 a3 |0 O# {/ L. W( W
过去进行时# w F5 p' w& I# }
was\were+doing(V.-ing) was\were+doing+done(V.p.p)
+ r+ W# t# X4 ?现在完成时
/ A5 l8 P a) Z( p" P- s# Chave\has+done(V. p.p.) have\has+been+done(V. p.p)
- f5 Q3 R* }, C5 [* s7 E" n7 ~过去完成时
1 E; I4 a7 R) h0 L F- ^0 Vhad+done(V. p.p.) had+been+done(V. p.p.)2 E7 Q. }5 K: c3 s
情态动词
( `+ t i* L: G情态动词+V.0 ~7 e2 U2 |5 u
情态动词+be+done(V. p.p.)
" J& t7 Z+ t/ a9 l! k0 c
3 G' `: E7 f4 V# s过去将来时
% w! g- D+ U3 u4 B, O) twould/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.)
+ q# K3 s2 y( I9 v" @6 m' o翻译时有以下几种翻译方法:
- b" r1 ?' C6 Y1 A' }+ h② 译成汉语被动句:使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为……所”等词。
( n9 {1 o( G+ j. ]0 j' Y# `- C# A1 w1 g②增加主语,即动作的实际发出者,或虚拟发出者。旅游管理考研' ?. Q, V' [, `+ A* M3 J
③译成汉语无主句
0 P6 V& q: X& g! h+ P另外还有一些常用被动句型的习惯译法,需要平时积累,比如:
' }. M9 E6 d& C' R7 d1 bIt is hoped that... 希望……,有人希望……
* ~/ f% `( v" H% y X9 j. UIt is assumed that... 假设……,假定……% h0 m, s9 X+ R3 N, k
It is claimed that... 据说……,有人主张……9 m) Y0 _! D: V! W0 ?
It is believed that... 有人想信……,大家相信……
, G+ u' _' M; c5 _6 w0 E% eIt is reported that... 据报道……,据通报……# A; x! Q6 m. ~, m3 i7 z7 m& }
It is considered that... 人们认为……,据估计……
8 B) s0 }- J. l2 Z2 |& QIt is said that... 据说……,有人说……7 { g" ~! D, h( }
【真题例句】7 v* G( m# _0 C. V1 A) x4 ]
It is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.- F" U2 ?0 V; o0 c
【解析】2 `4 V f. d; e$ [9 Z& a# z. d
It is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
8 X! ^* ~7 b; _- k0 U. S6 ]主句:it is imagined,其中it为形式主语,而that引导的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主语从句,为真正的主语。原文中有三个被动语态is imagined,be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:“认为”、“相比”和“掌握”。具体为:
# T7 [" F& b1 L(1)It is imagined by many 此处是“It+被动语态+that”形式的处理,译为“很多人认为”。# v' H, }1 `* `9 |0 i, O
(2)that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, 此处所用的是译成汉语主动句的处理方法,并保存原文主语译为“普通人的思维活动根本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比”。+ O/ {$ ]! F# Q+ c/ v1 _( _
(3)and that they have to be required by a sort of special training 此处所用的是译成汉语被动句的处理方法,译为“认为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握”。
( e% t3 q$ u+ |) _* p【参考译文】5 m% |! h+ v5 e/ T- G7 W* x
许多人以为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比,认海文钻石卡为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握。! l$ n5 l% `) u
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