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在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍使用,但大多数句子都使用主动语态,在英语中极为重要。考研中常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的海文考研执行者时,多用被动语态。8 K" ?8 E d1 ?9 ]" M
主动和被动语态的对比:& ~5 E( E: |* M8 \. G6 Z/ ^
主动语态
! A$ |" b* R, o% r) ^- e$ S& j被动语态
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一般现在时
2 g( I- ]: d, `! S1 v- J①is\am\are②do/does(V.\V.s) am\is\are+done(V. p.p)/ k+ N. `4 E2 G8 D! y; V0 Q0 w
一般将来时
' S! a6 W5 Y! ~will\be going to\be (about)to+do(V.) will+be+done(V. p.p)/ s! R- j c) ~: L9 B% v2 `
一般过去时
& b$ S& u; I% J) x& ?, q1 n①was\were②did(V.-ed) was\were+done(V. p.p)
7 D$ Y( W9 X6 y3 g3 v1 w8 B4 p0 [现在进行时
) d7 [. ^5 F+ W/ J/ C+ cam\is\are+doing(V.-ing) am\is\are+doing+done(V. p.p)
8 x/ y3 U( N' E4 l过去进行时( `9 L0 j- n7 ]7 G
was\were+doing(V.-ing) was\were+doing+done(V.p.p)5 P- Q/ _! I, L; I$ q6 O& |
现在完成时
! p' }3 {( `/ b6 Ihave\has+done(V. p.p.) have\has+been+done(V. p.p)
5 `1 V X Q: x& @2 Z Z: }( A过去完成时
& u9 a N. n' N- c4 Z4 Jhad+done(V. p.p.) had+been+done(V. p.p.)
0 Y- F3 V, P1 m, B0 k- F8 @& U情态动词4 m2 g. i7 x" h3 k( ?
情态动词+V.
0 Q& M; p* y1 M* n+ [8 d6 y7 v情态动词+be+done(V. p.p.)) u1 g+ s! ^; Z4 p& F
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过去将来时
8 ~9 ]. J1 ~# W: x0 e* xwould/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.)$ d* U5 L. S- j1 Z/ ]
翻译时有以下几种翻译方法:
! B4 p1 R' x1 f6 j+ m② 译成汉语被动句:使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为……所”等词。# u% e) W9 Z2 q. v# V
②增加主语,即动作的实际发出者,或虚拟发出者。旅游管理考研
" P% R* f# C9 Z! I+ Q# w③译成汉语无主句1 a8 ?( G" ?4 s8 W* [; S( Z9 A9 q
另外还有一些常用被动句型的习惯译法,需要平时积累,比如:& Q0 b2 ?3 s2 \8 x
It is hoped that... 希望……,有人希望……
0 ~4 R' p6 ~. i7 pIt is assumed that... 假设……,假定……
: K I1 }8 ^6 ` q0 ?. ~It is claimed that... 据说……,有人主张……
1 g7 G0 n5 k6 L' D9 v2 c- \1 WIt is believed that... 有人想信……,大家相信……
& {" Y d1 Z( x# ]0 yIt is reported that... 据报道……,据通报……8 d' I$ {2 p- h' P( z' h* T
It is considered that... 人们认为……,据估计……
2 V: {3 u' [$ O- d4 J& f. WIt is said that... 据说……,有人说……
% `$ }8 m5 ~( R; ?* ?3 f. c【真题例句】
/ M* A# A1 N7 k& Q }5 j9 kIt is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.2 \7 X- a! u- q8 s9 _
【解析】. q6 ^7 N3 B4 ~; z" k2 z# O
It is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.1 Z/ f5 Z: {/ q$ D
主句:it is imagined,其中it为形式主语,而that引导的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主语从句,为真正的主语。原文中有三个被动语态is imagined,be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:“认为”、“相比”和“掌握”。具体为:* Y+ s2 R- R+ E+ k, y
(1)It is imagined by many 此处是“It+被动语态+that”形式的处理,译为“很多人认为”。- `( H# p1 N! w
(2)that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, 此处所用的是译成汉语主动句的处理方法,并保存原文主语译为“普通人的思维活动根本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比”。
. S2 n5 X/ [7 ^8 L: `% |(3)and that they have to be required by a sort of special training 此处所用的是译成汉语被动句的处理方法,译为“认为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握”。
. b. M& k# ^: e0 x( l( `5 e【参考译文】
7 u Q, X) P3 }5 @5 Y许多人以为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比,认海文钻石卡为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握。
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