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在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍使用,但大多数句子都使用主动语态,在英语中极为重要。考研中常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的海文考研执行者时,多用被动语态。
% P) j1 f# F/ Y主动和被动语态的对比:
3 n3 P9 j8 z3 ^2 K9 t5 r 主动语态
1 ?! T! h. O$ f被动语态
# v1 C5 M/ B9 A8 @
: s1 z# C, R6 ^一般现在时( K8 A3 I- w# F0 p6 ~
①is\am\are②do/does(V.\V.s) am\is\are+done(V. p.p)
' Q7 D6 j& S# ^3 B5 V2 a( h: f2 d一般将来时% r# r5 e2 ?8 n0 D% q7 z
will\be going to\be (about)to+do(V.) will+be+done(V. p.p)7 R% D( A1 }" \3 A8 y, a; g* a5 ]' b: k
一般过去时
7 W4 w- M1 P: n5 K0 D s) d①was\were②did(V.-ed) was\were+done(V. p.p)
5 J4 o' [* B" F, R& S! T5 V( r6 l现在进行时$ c$ u7 ^0 R9 ~" Q9 x" g d
am\is\are+doing(V.-ing) am\is\are+doing+done(V. p.p)
^1 L, z* ]; o9 e过去进行时
8 N# S) G( A+ h2 `2 e' C: xwas\were+doing(V.-ing) was\were+doing+done(V.p.p)( d, D9 r3 l2 J1 U/ s, P( {
现在完成时
1 p) r2 E) s$ I, K( ^/ thave\has+done(V. p.p.) have\has+been+done(V. p.p)
( @$ C! q1 Q1 C6 O D/ W5 {过去完成时
k/ `' \( i% ~: F l/ v; V0 V. n. Hhad+done(V. p.p.) had+been+done(V. p.p.)9 N3 p8 t) O4 g/ e; h
情态动词
+ S2 n. V( p/ y5 H% t情态动词+V.. M( |- | W8 ]3 O+ P1 u
情态动词+be+done(V. p.p.)
9 L, G6 {$ {: v% J$ N: ?5 O' R
! o, ]/ Z- m5 s9 x! t% O: T7 ^& _, |过去将来时1 X3 l. r8 z5 T$ E. m
would/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.)
9 g% {) I" w! h$ t0 `2 K翻译时有以下几种翻译方法:
3 z$ W8 Y- d2 p. P" ^% j② 译成汉语被动句:使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为……所”等词。5 M2 K5 P: G# [! G2 C
②增加主语,即动作的实际发出者,或虚拟发出者。旅游管理考研
% P B! O4 M6 |+ i7 Q4 @③译成汉语无主句5 _. X+ r& J n8 t6 I4 V
另外还有一些常用被动句型的习惯译法,需要平时积累,比如:0 L/ h4 T. I7 o# m. S
It is hoped that... 希望……,有人希望……0 s/ L* ]# e+ D8 U. |! t# y
It is assumed that... 假设……,假定……8 Y; W) {( i8 p/ t, B$ v
It is claimed that... 据说……,有人主张……
6 A/ D# C8 p- x' x9 l( k! k' cIt is believed that... 有人想信……,大家相信……
' q% L+ A& l1 D, tIt is reported that... 据报道……,据通报……
3 S+ a2 s& K( yIt is considered that... 人们认为……,据估计……
! M( C( E/ W9 m( OIt is said that... 据说……,有人说……- L" j9 H$ W5 r. R
【真题例句】* L O& X* T7 F% b$ R/ M
It is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.) c# }( S9 ^1 @. ^/ P! S2 f; Q
【解析】
, ?5 x% _* P, W: f+ ?It is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
4 I W5 ?/ Q7 h; x) R: W W主句:it is imagined,其中it为形式主语,而that引导的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主语从句,为真正的主语。原文中有三个被动语态is imagined,be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:“认为”、“相比”和“掌握”。具体为:
: O \, [( ?& V* }/ v+ B(1)It is imagined by many 此处是“It+被动语态+that”形式的处理,译为“很多人认为”。
, \5 b' K2 U& h" m(2)that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, 此处所用的是译成汉语主动句的处理方法,并保存原文主语译为“普通人的思维活动根本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比”。
. _+ l3 ?; r! d(3)and that they have to be required by a sort of special training 此处所用的是译成汉语被动句的处理方法,译为“认为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握”。
% p2 N+ b( X) y6 _【参考译文】9 l9 d4 j; T- _) J: f8 ]5 M
许多人以为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比,认海文钻石卡为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握。8 _ W/ m1 x/ j0 {8 J
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