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在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍使用,但大多数句子都使用主动语态,在英语中极为重要。考研中常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的海文考研执行者时,多用被动语态。
Q6 A: o5 z0 E主动和被动语态的对比:5 {8 a0 q# v! d' y, i% C
主动语态
' G" ^9 d i6 p被动语态
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一般现在时
/ J' h0 k4 g1 N% l①is\am\are②do/does(V.\V.s) am\is\are+done(V. p.p)
' s3 w$ Y, f. i+ j2 ^! G3 K( z一般将来时
9 T1 r0 G1 b4 z1 \; Hwill\be going to\be (about)to+do(V.) will+be+done(V. p.p)3 S+ a+ O: ~+ [+ C) H. m
一般过去时( V( W6 K: P3 Y( h
①was\were②did(V.-ed) was\were+done(V. p.p)" J" z* r2 t( x- @
现在进行时" l1 A6 x) Q# P9 c% T4 W, ]
am\is\are+doing(V.-ing) am\is\are+doing+done(V. p.p)1 Z( P* x1 i) A3 f
过去进行时" X+ z& G1 |9 S* o
was\were+doing(V.-ing) was\were+doing+done(V.p.p)
; |- T: y, b0 ?/ g& u9 v% u% r现在完成时0 A% h$ A% r& S5 ]! y
have\has+done(V. p.p.) have\has+been+done(V. p.p)% H0 Q/ p0 G, |. f' [
过去完成时
. O. v2 J6 K7 h7 ahad+done(V. p.p.) had+been+done(V. p.p.)
% U6 t$ L( H2 h0 m$ W! K情态动词) o! ]5 w7 N9 V8 Y
情态动词+V.3 c! m( t5 W2 h/ E' ~! X! S' B
情态动词+be+done(V. p.p.)
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3 p* C! w6 `8 @) r过去将来时
0 l8 S1 j- A" S5 H+ P0 _) Mwould/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.)
9 l6 b' j" y# y: m: o. F翻译时有以下几种翻译方法:* D: X2 F2 P7 [. C7 h* T, n) A6 D6 Z
② 译成汉语被动句:使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为……所”等词。
j1 J/ Q# I X* W% G7 ~②增加主语,即动作的实际发出者,或虚拟发出者。旅游管理考研
3 a# \3 S% z& l- l' \; s" A( s③译成汉语无主句* n1 b" G$ r0 T; r, e
另外还有一些常用被动句型的习惯译法,需要平时积累,比如:1 R: J5 A a; H
It is hoped that... 希望……,有人希望……4 o; y9 m+ w, _7 x
It is assumed that... 假设……,假定……
. t% a6 b; w6 jIt is claimed that... 据说……,有人主张……$ a: f' C: q/ K* J, s) ~& b
It is believed that... 有人想信……,大家相信……- N6 f7 H/ p/ l8 n" y h
It is reported that... 据报道……,据通报……4 _2 h' ]. ^8 C% a4 l$ U8 M( X: Y& e: X
It is considered that... 人们认为……,据估计……
) Z0 z% c0 S) U0 SIt is said that... 据说……,有人说……
- P4 n8 ]! l \. S, i+ A【真题例句】( z1 g) W+ a6 [+ Q* @+ C0 ]4 i( I
It is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.$ R& }. u6 k" E( N6 i
【解析】5 X- p9 ^& J3 {
It is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
; T- N0 K( k, `; c+ \* E主句:it is imagined,其中it为形式主语,而that引导的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主语从句,为真正的主语。原文中有三个被动语态is imagined,be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:“认为”、“相比”和“掌握”。具体为:; D/ u% G5 t; Y, ~8 N( D: r
(1)It is imagined by many 此处是“It+被动语态+that”形式的处理,译为“很多人认为”。9 j5 j& C) e% n* `8 l
(2)that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, 此处所用的是译成汉语主动句的处理方法,并保存原文主语译为“普通人的思维活动根本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比”。) u5 R8 J5 A% ?8 D+ x3 k
(3)and that they have to be required by a sort of special training 此处所用的是译成汉语被动句的处理方法,译为“认为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握”。2 d2 R! u! M0 W2 Q
【参考译文】2 F4 H" q1 ?8 j$ v, f& Y) s
许多人以为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比,认海文钻石卡为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握。
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