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在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍使用,但大多数句子都使用主动语态,在英语中极为重要。考研中常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的海文考研执行者时,多用被动语态。
5 A0 C3 V5 h9 a5 J" `4 g1 @! @" m主动和被动语态的对比:
% O3 | w7 x s) m& v 主动语态( T# @9 e9 i; B8 l! v
被动语态- m4 V0 i2 u+ c$ Z$ p: M; }: ?
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一般现在时
5 `4 M8 I5 e2 w' u* y①is\am\are②do/does(V.\V.s) am\is\are+done(V. p.p)3 p. L' z! q# a; \
一般将来时
: p5 A# N/ `/ Wwill\be going to\be (about)to+do(V.) will+be+done(V. p.p)
7 g0 M6 F% i5 D: I一般过去时4 T l2 t# J1 k5 }) y
①was\were②did(V.-ed) was\were+done(V. p.p)
6 I; J& l* f1 v3 X7 B现在进行时# c% f$ o6 H) M
am\is\are+doing(V.-ing) am\is\are+doing+done(V. p.p)! K! \% n7 I% P2 i' Y! @4 C
过去进行时
' y) d9 ?, O+ N( @/ S: Owas\were+doing(V.-ing) was\were+doing+done(V.p.p). g" a% ~( R8 V6 G; |- h' G) M5 y
现在完成时
$ @' W/ L# W8 ?have\has+done(V. p.p.) have\has+been+done(V. p.p)
4 T) v x \" L过去完成时; P! G: J: G+ j$ o
had+done(V. p.p.) had+been+done(V. p.p.)0 ]5 W9 A+ T( W2 `" N6 ]
情态动词5 R! _8 a7 e3 z, |8 D
情态动词+V.: l1 J1 R$ G! t* U9 d: ~
情态动词+be+done(V. p.p.)' j% L* v: b+ M' F
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过去将来时" b4 \) i- a. [. Q1 e
would/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.)
6 D* C/ K& T. d* c. o" y$ Y, s. O- c翻译时有以下几种翻译方法:" y: v8 R: `9 M ?" j
② 译成汉语被动句:使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为……所”等词。- Y+ M) Z+ U* _
②增加主语,即动作的实际发出者,或虚拟发出者。旅游管理考研' v! i9 i' E. N. _) z
③译成汉语无主句1 Y. z, A) M1 W1 y2 z! b
另外还有一些常用被动句型的习惯译法,需要平时积累,比如:
$ F1 k' h2 C# m# S; XIt is hoped that... 希望……,有人希望……0 K8 E" ?: N" H. [" }. ~
It is assumed that... 假设……,假定……: C: Z2 V7 s- R$ V5 t
It is claimed that... 据说……,有人主张……
6 J8 O7 n5 E: P4 k+ X/ O! o' \It is believed that... 有人想信……,大家相信……
. U3 ^8 e: t: |( v) {It is reported that... 据报道……,据通报……! _9 U9 F+ A; v
It is considered that... 人们认为……,据估计……
% ^' U( B# L* f: a5 Q q& |It is said that... 据说……,有人说……
/ L3 ]) X8 D, _, O9 x【真题例句】
( \; f( [- B( t$ A: c! O vIt is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training. _ z4 z: {; M2 }: ~" P9 m6 M" h7 z
【解析】
' E$ \$ U$ m7 PIt is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
?' {0 N# s. p( ]- A主句:it is imagined,其中it为形式主语,而that引导的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主语从句,为真正的主语。原文中有三个被动语态is imagined,be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:“认为”、“相比”和“掌握”。具体为:8 x$ I# Y0 P. b+ Z' U- D7 v( p
(1)It is imagined by many 此处是“It+被动语态+that”形式的处理,译为“很多人认为”。
" W2 C! o$ L" `& J# x& v(2)that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, 此处所用的是译成汉语主动句的处理方法,并保存原文主语译为“普通人的思维活动根本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比”。( o$ i- i7 ?. m$ r8 _# J
(3)and that they have to be required by a sort of special training 此处所用的是译成汉语被动句的处理方法,译为“认为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握”。; q% T& u9 q1 P: ]: p _
【参考译文】% r/ w9 Q q2 l9 A
许多人以为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比,认海文钻石卡为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握。
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