|
在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍使用,但大多数句子都使用主动语态,在英语中极为重要。考研中常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动语态。
: P9 r* z. R4 c- |& i# _7 g+ w- c( J 主动和被动语态的对比:3 C8 [/ ^* [ u1 t1 e8 B, n' F
主动语态 被动语态* r: L' e$ Y# d! h
一般现在时 ①is\am\are②do/does(V.\V.s) am\is\are+done(V. p.p)5 M( ?, V% X' i: s5 K+ f
一般将来时 will\be going to\be (about)to+do(V.) will+be+done(V. p.p)$ K/ y g$ k3 k+ i& u3 a1 f! X. ?
一般过去时 ①was\were②did(V.-ed) was\were+done(V. p.p)- I1 T( E. c' b! p
现在进行时 am\is\are+doing(V.-ing) am\is\are+doing+done(V. p.p)
# W: p/ H7 q2 B过去进行时 was\were+doing(V.-ing) was\were+doing+done(V.p.p)
) F& r5 \# A! a2 t& Q& i* L$ y现在完成时 have\has+done(V. p.p.) have\has+been+done(V. p.p)
% C$ X7 K* [8 C. i5 f( J7 m5 |- w3 @过去完成时 had+done(V. p.p.) had+been+done(V. p.p.)7 E1 I. g$ d4 Z) P$ T7 J. s
情态动词 情态动词+V. 情态动词+be+done(V. p.p.)
: N$ }8 i, ^' B过去将来时 would/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.)
" U5 E# C m: k \; _6 S1 U( \ 翻译时有以下几种翻译方法:$ x, }; J/ f: X$ Y& O; l k
①译成汉语被动句:使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为……所”等词。" O- e3 y6 T; g$ J: ^
②增加主语,即动作的实际发出者,或虚拟发出者。
* c/ e2 O- I0 v6 U) Y③译成汉语无主句4 ]6 l2 I1 g, L: @4 S3 z% S; p& S( y: n
另外还有一些常用被动句旅游管理考研型的习惯译法,需要平时积累,比如:4 E; _, F' n5 |
It is hoped that... 希望……,有人希望……7 W! A9 M6 A6 X0 L" V4 P0 Q$ a
It is assumed that... 假设……,假定……. D/ I; e q) h" w! L
It is claimed that... 据说……,有人主张……
& z# E. |, x5 D It is believed that... 有人想信……,大家相信……8 O8 g9 p+ X$ i8 \: C8 g
It is reported that... 据报道……,据通报……; u% K! j: J+ T( c. m) Z
It is considered that... 人们认为……,据估计……0 q- S& N$ V3 B( G/ d1 F4 Y
It is said that... 据说……,有人说……9 @# T' x0 ^9 E- Y% u
【真题例句】
: @$ `0 G5 {( M5 S* }! XIt is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.- n# \0 ?7 f2 i8 y+ S
【解析】 C) @, c" J! M( I$ I" t
It is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training." T, \! W. Z) c& V) O8 m+ e
主句:it is imagined,其中it为形式主语,而that引导的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主语从句,为真正的主语。原文中有三个被动语态is imagined,be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:“认为”、“相比”和“掌握”。具体为:
- f, M$ d0 @& a(1)It is imagined by many 此处是“It+被动语态+that”形式的处理,译为“很多人认为”。9 D% K; B( c, c U' B
(2)that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, 此处所用的是译成汉语主动句的处理方法,并保存原文主语译为“普通人的思维活动根本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比”。
- `) I# c2 L' C( W, u4 Z( x5 m(3)and that they have to be required by a sort of special training 此处所用的是译成汉语被动句的处理方法,译为“认医学考研论坛为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握”。
1 v3 i9 ?) R: d1 k* [【参考译文】
0 P- R1 n9 ^; s# S0 Q& {+ Q7 d 许多人以为,普通人的思维活动根考研培训本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比,认为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握。
" d9 G: j4 y' y L- N6 G: N |
|