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在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍使用,但大多数句子都使用主动语态,在英语中极为重要。考研中常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动语态。" I; i4 U6 a% P
主动和被动语态的对比:
! q! r0 ~0 H+ Z5 | 主动语态 被动语态8 g4 p& E0 A) s) Y4 R. j2 ^
一般现在时 ①is\am\are②do/does(V.\V.s) am\is\are+done(V. p.p)
" f0 m, j6 `8 w$ h一般将来时 will\be going to\be (about)to+do(V.) will+be+done(V. p.p)" a. n s h; D. \! B& J
一般过去时 ①was\were②did(V.-ed) was\were+done(V. p.p)
( ?& ]8 |" {3 w4 A3 j# p现在进行时 am\is\are+doing(V.-ing) am\is\are+doing+done(V. p.p)* q0 Y5 B, B% j( \5 p8 L& H
过去进行时 was\were+doing(V.-ing) was\were+doing+done(V.p.p)
) H! E& m: j U3 M6 f1 |现在完成时 have\has+done(V. p.p.) have\has+been+done(V. p.p)! H$ L3 p9 |, U& D% K$ h; h
过去完成时 had+done(V. p.p.) had+been+done(V. p.p.)
7 J' p+ R4 [5 m. B& K情态动词 情态动词+V. 情态动词+be+done(V. p.p.)
+ V. P7 |# E6 m- }8 h8 ?% s过去将来时 would/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.)
7 e% z% @, }3 W( x# `1 {. o 翻译时有以下几种翻译方法:# O6 r% F8 O* b( Y
①译成汉语被动句:使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为……所”等词。
8 F2 k$ m, m2 {6 A* d②增加主语,即动作的实际发出者,或虚拟发出者。
1 L0 i! O0 B) T! G) f4 ^③译成汉语无主句* R" u7 j9 d' b. q% E
另外还有一些常用被动句旅游管理考研型的习惯译法,需要平时积累,比如:+ z5 D+ q# E1 t0 K; m) R. f6 v
It is hoped that... 希望……,有人希望……
K5 P1 A' [ @ i( ~6 l) c" w! p It is assumed that... 假设……,假定……
1 ]) m$ H9 g6 g% I0 }0 Q It is claimed that... 据说……,有人主张……
% e7 R1 w. N, e6 }! h" @7 ?! j7 C It is believed that... 有人想信……,大家相信……
$ H* n. q r0 n. t4 X! h+ |4 j) P It is reported that... 据报道……,据通报……
" h' G6 ]# |; M( A& X5 I/ F# E5 w It is considered that... 人们认为……,据估计……. Z' C- W( ~% p) a0 R; D+ s
It is said that... 据说……,有人说……( m- x/ f8 J) M& y4 h6 v! y' p; [; f
【真题例句】
' o2 f/ [# f. ^7 U- RIt is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.
# j9 T9 I: q0 R- p* w 【解析】
8 L i9 A1 Q! E$ ~It is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training." d5 Q$ W" w2 }! ]! @, d, }
主句:it is imagined,其中it为形式主语,而that引导的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主语从句,为真正的主语。原文中有三个被动语态is imagined,be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:“认为”、“相比”和“掌握”。具体为:$ d7 ]0 [! o, J5 o9 G! d2 Q B( w
(1)It is imagined by many 此处是“It+被动语态+that”形式的处理,译为“很多人认为”。) P" P& D1 E1 C {* {) d% {
(2)that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, 此处所用的是译成汉语主动句的处理方法,并保存原文主语译为“普通人的思维活动根本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比”。
* R. D0 _+ J) m" v: ^( }6 v% D(3)and that they have to be required by a sort of special training 此处所用的是译成汉语被动句的处理方法,译为“认医学考研论坛为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握”。
) y1 |9 }8 ?/ r6 f% r. U【参考译文】
$ k) ^1 O5 p( p n, d 许多人以为,普通人的思维活动根考研培训本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比,认为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握。
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