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在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍使用,但大多数句子都使用主动语态,在英语中极为重要。考研中常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动语态。
w7 z9 k- Y8 i. M- E 主动和被动语态的对比:7 C/ p) p6 _/ ]% J
主动语态 被动语态
6 s( I+ R7 U* K& }1 z: s一般现在时 ①is\am\are②do/does(V.\V.s) am\is\are+done(V. p.p)
! d8 d7 V$ a- G$ R一般将来时 will\be going to\be (about)to+do(V.) will+be+done(V. p.p)
: |$ ~5 c. t0 a5 C9 o$ \一般过去时 ①was\were②did(V.-ed) was\were+done(V. p.p)( O1 b+ }7 S" E4 V( A8 z3 K
现在进行时 am\is\are+doing(V.-ing) am\is\are+doing+done(V. p.p), A( G& p+ o9 |* s" y
过去进行时 was\were+doing(V.-ing) was\were+doing+done(V.p.p)
! J& Y0 s" c" ~; c; G9 G现在完成时 have\has+done(V. p.p.) have\has+been+done(V. p.p)
% S5 B5 n( y" m过去完成时 had+done(V. p.p.) had+been+done(V. p.p.)
" N2 F r+ q+ \: ^+ u6 V情态动词 情态动词+V. 情态动词+be+done(V. p.p.)
, }& _) K) R. Y7 q5 t1 d过去将来时 would/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.)
6 W! s+ v) c9 w; n( N 翻译时有以下几种翻译方法:) @! h3 j/ n( ^4 _+ _/ c
①译成汉语被动句:使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为……所”等词。
& T# b% s: J: V& }& o+ G! `②增加主语,即动作的实际发出者,或虚拟发出者。6 @6 Q' H' i3 o- w e) n
③译成汉语无主句
5 k; Q& z% Z' [! Q- C" M! K4 z& u 另外还有一些常用被动句旅游管理考研型的习惯译法,需要平时积累,比如:# t6 x! N: p2 W5 t% m! d2 k
It is hoped that... 希望……,有人希望……
2 I9 N# K1 x/ h- M3 b0 j* C: l It is assumed that... 假设……,假定……- r3 g+ d0 ]$ ?( _+ P+ s3 a1 g
It is claimed that... 据说……,有人主张……
7 H8 P5 b/ E' w z0 l It is believed that... 有人想信……,大家相信……+ y# f( }# E t1 q8 e
It is reported that... 据报道……,据通报……" S: t2 j8 m) f3 K2 O% w; a- f; G& E
It is considered that... 人们认为……,据估计……$ N4 S) c3 Q) _1 u2 M3 U3 `8 ?" {! b
It is said that... 据说……,有人说……
8 q7 m2 l+ E4 S+ l9 O7 ?& o { 【真题例句】8 e5 y9 j0 Y! x$ u0 t9 E8 b
It is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.
, U2 g( k0 Y% |. G$ L) R 【解析】- A$ X0 t, j: W4 l* e1 b
It is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
- ]0 l' v0 T( t" P8 M7 L主句:it is imagined,其中it为形式主语,而that引导的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主语从句,为真正的主语。原文中有三个被动语态is imagined,be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:“认为”、“相比”和“掌握”。具体为:
$ o. u' X4 q6 D5 L9 A(1)It is imagined by many 此处是“It+被动语态+that”形式的处理,译为“很多人认为”。2 T) J3 U U6 s. k. _+ @
(2)that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, 此处所用的是译成汉语主动句的处理方法,并保存原文主语译为“普通人的思维活动根本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比”。- E2 s& a, _: [3 ~! v4 O" |
(3)and that they have to be required by a sort of special training 此处所用的是译成汉语被动句的处理方法,译为“认医学考研论坛为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握”。
1 a3 Y. q2 |. Y) d/ o【参考译文】2 P. n* }1 V- X
许多人以为,普通人的思维活动根考研培训本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比,认为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握。% Y% l2 n7 n3 f% s. h3 n
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