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在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍使用,但大多数句子都使用主动语态,在英语中极为重要。考研中常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动语态。
/ U$ `. O" y; d2 u. J' G 主动和被动语态的对比:
/ V. m2 z2 r9 X& k5 |7 Z( V" D 主动语态 被动语态
9 a+ _# D/ B. m0 l. ~* R一般现在时 ①is\am\are②do/does(V.\V.s) am\is\are+done(V. p.p)
4 q; f- O2 ^ F8 X. c2 v! \一般将来时 will\be going to\be (about)to+do(V.) will+be+done(V. p.p)
1 }9 g- C. Q4 k5 R* M一般过去时 ①was\were②did(V.-ed) was\were+done(V. p.p)
5 K# ]1 ?4 f- v! M# j现在进行时 am\is\are+doing(V.-ing) am\is\are+doing+done(V. p.p)
8 W& d9 N1 s' [4 @过去进行时 was\were+doing(V.-ing) was\were+doing+done(V.p.p)* h0 Q4 R8 X7 |$ w& ?/ b" [) O
现在完成时 have\has+done(V. p.p.) have\has+been+done(V. p.p)! p! h, b9 L* D
过去完成时 had+done(V. p.p.) had+been+done(V. p.p.)5 n3 o0 h6 Z( n$ n
情态动词 情态动词+V. 情态动词+be+done(V. p.p.)
0 Z8 M8 ?$ K" a) I. j, S* Q过去将来时 would/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.)) A# p6 z! x/ U/ H- X7 P
翻译时有以下几种翻译方法:
# Z9 N, v* p0 }4 S* y$ R; F①译成汉语被动句:使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为……所”等词。$ o& s$ n8 A Z& h, d$ N
②增加主语,即动作的实际发出者,或虚拟发出者。5 E$ `9 n' y- Q% G/ b3 r
③译成汉语无主句
5 ]. `% Y$ r( \" j5 Q" ~% T 另外还有一些常用被动句旅游管理考研型的习惯译法,需要平时积累,比如:
, |! t6 n0 W% i1 {$ ~ It is hoped that... 希望……,有人希望……7 S! f: U- `( S6 m
It is assumed that... 假设……,假定……
% ]) p2 E# f" a It is claimed that... 据说……,有人主张……
2 t. z( k+ R W5 D& W It is believed that... 有人想信……,大家相信……# ]# T5 Q0 B4 k' L+ k- Y& w
It is reported that... 据报道……,据通报……2 e1 F! R* M4 q' i
It is considered that... 人们认为……,据估计……
1 }* C6 d9 _% `8 m3 U8 ~5 y8 ^ It is said that... 据说……,有人说……# m$ H3 b1 ^* T* {1 _2 f. d5 i
【真题例句】# G0 M& ?& F" _
It is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.
C2 n* ]& s, {# |0 N3 b' {" Q 【解析】
y3 j* H7 g8 k" Y3 }7 S* |It is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
, l$ {1 M' `1 f" T' E5 M( e主句:it is imagined,其中it为形式主语,而that引导的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主语从句,为真正的主语。原文中有三个被动语态is imagined,be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:“认为”、“相比”和“掌握”。具体为:# d3 P# n' P8 s9 E2 m: I; \6 R
(1)It is imagined by many 此处是“It+被动语态+that”形式的处理,译为“很多人认为”。3 e& y1 D0 V3 g0 r
(2)that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, 此处所用的是译成汉语主动句的处理方法,并保存原文主语译为“普通人的思维活动根本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比”。
1 I/ h" C7 [9 s) ]2 o) B4 F5 d5 a0 P(3)and that they have to be required by a sort of special training 此处所用的是译成汉语被动句的处理方法,译为“认医学考研论坛为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握”。
" r+ ^: P- G/ y- M【参考译文】
6 d% u; i$ d: \ 许多人以为,普通人的思维活动根考研培训本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比,认为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握。. K& L r9 e! W, a% }" g. a5 h
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