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在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍使用,但大多数句子都使用主动语态,在英语中极为重要。考研中常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动语态。8 q4 C8 [' ]+ R
主动和被动语态的对比:7 w# J. ^# x& f& e) v
主动语态 被动语态) B9 z# z- \. b( ?* o' M# M1 A
一般现在时 ①is\am\are②do/does(V.\V.s) am\is\are+done(V. p.p)
, o# Y( h0 W# ~- y. t0 j1 W一般将来时 will\be going to\be (about)to+do(V.) will+be+done(V. p.p)& L4 Z9 k, b$ v0 k j
一般过去时 ①was\were②did(V.-ed) was\were+done(V. p.p)+ t; g/ k: b6 s# I! i, D7 y
现在进行时 am\is\are+doing(V.-ing) am\is\are+doing+done(V. p.p)4 a8 J$ p* B7 K" ~/ F; Z
过去进行时 was\were+doing(V.-ing) was\were+doing+done(V.p.p)
6 H: D3 ~$ s w% Z: k6 w- U: |现在完成时 have\has+done(V. p.p.) have\has+been+done(V. p.p)6 S7 w+ _& [8 J8 F: p3 i
过去完成时 had+done(V. p.p.) had+been+done(V. p.p.)# H( H1 L# P! c) `% G
情态动词 情态动词+V. 情态动词+be+done(V. p.p.)3 Q- {) N6 I1 k
过去将来时 would/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.)
- r5 B4 H$ m7 E: Y2 r6 f4 U 翻译时有以下几种翻译方法:
! z0 z5 y2 s2 V①译成汉语被动句:使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为……所”等词。, W: m9 \! Z5 P% Q: U) V
②增加主语,即动作的实际发出者,或虚拟发出者。
6 G' N5 _1 L8 d7 ^! t g2 N0 F③译成汉语无主句- ~* y. ^. y& X1 Y* k+ L
另外还有一些常用被动句旅游管理考研型的习惯译法,需要平时积累,比如:
5 K, z% }* V* U6 R; y7 j9 p It is hoped that... 希望……,有人希望……" H; u) Z# {, p b( p- @$ M
It is assumed that... 假设……,假定……. a6 ?2 I! J7 }5 I$ N
It is claimed that... 据说……,有人主张……
% _: ^( q& N- {+ s7 q It is believed that... 有人想信……,大家相信……# i" ]$ U9 W2 S' q
It is reported that... 据报道……,据通报……
- Z2 ?( \2 p, V; G It is considered that... 人们认为……,据估计……: k! H& P' x5 `. o
It is said that... 据说……,有人说……
" Y* [* ^: M3 |+ o* ]7 p 【真题例句】5 Z, @) e7 |& Q/ v+ X/ J8 I7 X- }
It is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.
+ ?5 Y1 G7 {7 y) ?; m7 \ 【解析】- i1 x0 Q6 O% {' j% x& z
It is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
* z9 f2 M0 f$ ^! V4 K Y/ n \主句:it is imagined,其中it为形式主语,而that引导的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主语从句,为真正的主语。原文中有三个被动语态is imagined,be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:“认为”、“相比”和“掌握”。具体为:
( E6 a/ w }. @0 f$ X(1)It is imagined by many 此处是“It+被动语态+that”形式的处理,译为“很多人认为”。
! ^% g6 e9 Y9 N3 e3 q- j: V(2)that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, 此处所用的是译成汉语主动句的处理方法,并保存原文主语译为“普通人的思维活动根本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比”。
$ l8 W) h! ]3 _9 L: d* K(3)and that they have to be required by a sort of special training 此处所用的是译成汉语被动句的处理方法,译为“认医学考研论坛为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握”。# V. U7 J% f& y. W, o- u- r6 ?
【参考译文】+ h/ j0 N) ?1 N) g, I$ f
许多人以为,普通人的思维活动根考研培训本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比,认为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握。: ^: B# e. t1 b3 p3 o+ ^, u
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