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在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍使用,但大多数句子都使用主动语态,在英语中极为重要。考研中常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动语态。: T7 ]/ `5 P9 b5 y# ^
主动和被动语态的对比: V# [0 O7 T7 n2 Z0 H: C
主动语态 被动语态* w2 L" j( K7 r! [: Z7 h
一般现在时 ①is\am\are②do/does(V.\V.s) am\is\are+done(V. p.p)
/ d2 Z; i7 \; C3 C, J p {9 {一般将来时 will\be going to\be (about)to+do(V.) will+be+done(V. p.p)
* o) B+ B6 c$ \8 D6 Z一般过去时 ①was\were②did(V.-ed) was\were+done(V. p.p)9 L& U! d5 ~- u9 F: c
现在进行时 am\is\are+doing(V.-ing) am\is\are+doing+done(V. p.p)0 n; g! B: ^3 ^9 {% f, G
过去进行时 was\were+doing(V.-ing) was\were+doing+done(V.p.p); J% d+ C6 U5 w$ i4 T
现在完成时 have\has+done(V. p.p.) have\has+been+done(V. p.p); C3 n% Z4 l+ A6 w
过去完成时 had+done(V. p.p.) had+been+done(V. p.p.)
- U% P8 v9 L4 R3 r情态动词 情态动词+V. 情态动词+be+done(V. p.p.)+ f" Z( F# D; N. r) b
过去将来时 would/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.): E$ A& B8 Y! ?. O: I+ V
翻译时有以下几种翻译方法:" ]; i! P# K& N8 U5 D: J5 m
①译成汉语被动句:使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为……所”等词。! b, K/ B$ v0 N/ L
②增加主语,即动作的实际发出者,或虚拟发出者。% G* e" T1 | J# l5 l$ k0 }5 B
③译成汉语无主句+ q" W6 [1 p6 S* }# |
另外还有一些常用被动句旅游管理考研型的习惯译法,需要平时积累,比如:; r5 S3 @1 J+ }& l
It is hoped that... 希望……,有人希望……
6 F; H2 N8 k+ C" L5 G9 x& ?) Y It is assumed that... 假设……,假定……
8 }* K! f" L' ]; y( u/ p3 T$ p It is claimed that... 据说……,有人主张……$ h* L5 g, J9 V) m5 k* N5 @* w8 d
It is believed that... 有人想信……,大家相信……
) M9 l4 w2 j5 ~/ o' F& Z It is reported that... 据报道……,据通报……
; R5 D; D/ i' o, c* G+ h2 J, p It is considered that... 人们认为……,据估计……
3 C2 k& p' S/ X1 Y% F It is said that... 据说……,有人说……6 H" u. W6 C$ p
【真题例句】
+ |. C' S6 u. \ V$ ^It is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.& {; ]$ O- t/ P
【解析】
( \% e Y1 Y0 V* R2 c5 hIt is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
2 o4 E- @$ Q0 H: c: M* N8 O# f& z: {主句:it is imagined,其中it为形式主语,而that引导的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主语从句,为真正的主语。原文中有三个被动语态is imagined,be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:“认为”、“相比”和“掌握”。具体为:
4 P: l. k a; V! d(1)It is imagined by many 此处是“It+被动语态+that”形式的处理,译为“很多人认为”。* ~+ S# g2 O$ ~* s' g
(2)that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, 此处所用的是译成汉语主动句的处理方法,并保存原文主语译为“普通人的思维活动根本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比”。# B8 Z3 u7 R; }9 R! Q8 ?6 A
(3)and that they have to be required by a sort of special training 此处所用的是译成汉语被动句的处理方法,译为“认医学考研论坛为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握”。5 h+ F* C7 h" y! K
【参考译文】
1 }! ?) ?4 E' ~9 k 许多人以为,普通人的思维活动根考研培训本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比,认为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握。( g: z7 P' s- h9 p6 N
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