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在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍使用,但大多数句子都使用主动语态,在英语中极为重要。考研中常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动语态。3 d- s. v, m1 Y' e9 M
主动和被动语态的对比:5 W, a! P" ]2 Y. g/ e! P8 i5 f- F
主动语态 被动语态0 D% v# l, E3 F b E
一般现在时 ①is\am\are②do/does(V.\V.s) am\is\are+done(V. p.p)( {3 A8 J6 I+ Q( |7 |
一般将来时 will\be going to\be (about)to+do(V.) will+be+done(V. p.p)
: }) R) t4 ~2 U4 h1 Q, m9 ?( q一般过去时 ①was\were②did(V.-ed) was\were+done(V. p.p)* {$ D. ] U' _7 M4 t
现在进行时 am\is\are+doing(V.-ing) am\is\are+doing+done(V. p.p)) `7 N- o! I% j) U, C# W2 n( T) ]! o
过去进行时 was\were+doing(V.-ing) was\were+doing+done(V.p.p)& v% u. S/ d, T2 Q4 Z1 e
现在完成时 have\has+done(V. p.p.) have\has+been+done(V. p.p)
( L8 h0 \% \( c# |- I过去完成时 had+done(V. p.p.) had+been+done(V. p.p.)9 {0 T4 {0 u. e
情态动词 情态动词+V. 情态动词+be+done(V. p.p.)
/ s- |3 j4 R& }$ `. [过去将来时 would/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.)/ w4 W' f- z* b: F0 h" ]* ]: {
翻译时有以下几种翻译方法:
4 e% o% }. n0 `; y①译成汉语被动句:使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为……所”等词。
$ \) O) g k) C( c6 Y/ \1 I+ E4 N②增加主语,即动作的实际发出者,或虚拟发出者。4 N! e: Y) v2 w5 \1 c
③译成汉语无主句; O( J9 @! |% d' ^, d! B
另外还有一些常用被动句旅游管理考研型的习惯译法,需要平时积累,比如:" H% Q( Z. E$ l7 C% W% ]: i
It is hoped that... 希望……,有人希望……
( R: k+ B+ S2 l+ x P! L$ |5 w9 ^) { It is assumed that... 假设……,假定……
' G1 `& y |% [5 n& f U It is claimed that... 据说……,有人主张……, M5 J4 R; o: P2 x
It is believed that... 有人想信……,大家相信……
2 N2 s- z! n) I5 L1 [, M It is reported that... 据报道……,据通报……+ h1 B# Y3 u5 e/ V+ }# n% w
It is considered that... 人们认为……,据估计……1 s5 h; V+ A9 k) w9 E& P
It is said that... 据说……,有人说……
+ e% p* h. k1 ]4 \8 ]9 e) G. X 【真题例句】7 z* W- v( N$ Q& k1 G+ N
It is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.9 l$ R v. R1 Q7 ]9 M, D
【解析】# R; L5 I4 \1 C- |, F9 [
It is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.0 d k( P, f0 n
主句:it is imagined,其中it为形式主语,而that引导的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主语从句,为真正的主语。原文中有三个被动语态is imagined,be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:“认为”、“相比”和“掌握”。具体为:8 ~" f- m8 X; u( ^% u. o; n0 }
(1)It is imagined by many 此处是“It+被动语态+that”形式的处理,译为“很多人认为”。# r5 n+ ^% B7 h: E
(2)that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, 此处所用的是译成汉语主动句的处理方法,并保存原文主语译为“普通人的思维活动根本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比”。8 b& [2 x" T! a/ N" U y$ ]
(3)and that they have to be required by a sort of special training 此处所用的是译成汉语被动句的处理方法,译为“认医学考研论坛为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握”。
4 X# g4 j3 V9 _2 q【参考译文】4 r% a+ ?: T3 [. _9 x9 |
许多人以为,普通人的思维活动根考研培训本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比,认为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握。
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