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在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍使用,但大多数句子都使用主动语态,在英语中极为重要。考研中常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动语态。
& [! E: T9 c2 G6 ?% i4 L, A 主动和被动语态的对比:$ u% I t9 `+ @. Z3 I
主动语态 被动语态6 Q3 G& L: ? _$ S
一般现在时 ①is\am\are②do/does(V.\V.s) am\is\are+done(V. p.p)) @6 a$ t( r' l0 \$ ?0 A! c& m+ q! K0 m8 Q
一般将来时 will\be going to\be (about)to+do(V.) will+be+done(V. p.p)- u1 D/ u6 H1 e' A$ b
一般过去时 ①was\were②did(V.-ed) was\were+done(V. p.p)
/ R6 O- @9 q2 Q5 ^现在进行时 am\is\are+doing(V.-ing) am\is\are+doing+done(V. p.p)
! B! N( k' K0 U过去进行时 was\were+doing(V.-ing) was\were+doing+done(V.p.p)
0 w7 o0 H0 ]. ^4 V5 f3 O现在完成时 have\has+done(V. p.p.) have\has+been+done(V. p.p); U9 T0 w' b9 Z( M. a
过去完成时 had+done(V. p.p.) had+been+done(V. p.p.)
" O7 z! H) D8 q# u3 A情态动词 情态动词+V. 情态动词+be+done(V. p.p.)
, V7 }3 K- Z* _) [过去将来时 would/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.)2 u% \! D/ ]6 W/ H
翻译时有以下几种翻译方法:
+ {2 h# V' H9 D% K7 S3 {: g# |①译成汉语被动句:使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为……所”等词。
% F6 U4 ^5 |* G②增加主语,即动作的实际发出者,或虚拟发出者。! A4 g% M( u9 u# e& b& O4 w
③译成汉语无主句
# ~# l( E( p O4 v0 F/ _5 H+ u 另外还有一些常用被动句旅游管理考研型的习惯译法,需要平时积累,比如:4 k6 d# {8 l' x& ?: b
It is hoped that... 希望……,有人希望……# E2 k8 j# G0 {* M1 K/ H
It is assumed that... 假设……,假定……
- W: B0 V. n. i# y9 o! ` It is claimed that... 据说……,有人主张……1 m+ d8 H& M' Q) m8 ]: t* l
It is believed that... 有人想信……,大家相信……
; o% _( g6 T7 f( r V. T9 r It is reported that... 据报道……,据通报……2 F* f: q" m# t
It is considered that... 人们认为……,据估计……% O/ W* \- y' J3 i; K/ I7 G
It is said that... 据说……,有人说……8 d1 ~2 T4 B+ f& C1 I; r# j
【真题例句】
' ?3 `0 f" c# BIt is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.
: w9 t' B N: {9 D 【解析】4 Y7 P7 ? H0 |( e" x. Z
It is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
, w- Q& {% V4 k. b7 }, q* v4 p主句:it is imagined,其中it为形式主语,而that引导的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主语从句,为真正的主语。原文中有三个被动语态is imagined,be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:“认为”、“相比”和“掌握”。具体为:' p( P! _1 e, U: G: |$ R1 v5 ]3 n! g o
(1)It is imagined by many 此处是“It+被动语态+that”形式的处理,译为“很多人认为”。; g3 }0 L+ |# _; u+ S
(2)that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, 此处所用的是译成汉语主动句的处理方法,并保存原文主语译为“普通人的思维活动根本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比”。; g2 H ~' X! s2 \* ~/ p) r. ~( J
(3)and that they have to be required by a sort of special training 此处所用的是译成汉语被动句的处理方法,译为“认医学考研论坛为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握”。3 {" u: K( ]/ B2 x7 r9 l% d9 m+ ^2 k
【参考译文】9 l, Z0 E( u) K/ Q" N o! e3 e
许多人以为,普通人的思维活动根考研培训本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比,认为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握。
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