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在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍使用,但大多数句子都使用主动语态,在英语中极为重要。考研中常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动语态。
$ O% K# f5 w. ? 主动和被动语态的对比:' u/ m, Y' P2 I Z
主动语态 被动语态
8 [. o( v/ N" D% g6 o一般现在时 ①is\am\are②do/does(V.\V.s) am\is\are+done(V. p.p)# l5 @8 c0 b4 i# G4 Y# `! @
一般将来时 will\be going to\be (about)to+do(V.) will+be+done(V. p.p)
9 D I$ k/ ^0 A一般过去时 ①was\were②did(V.-ed) was\were+done(V. p.p)
) @5 X' N+ n* R# z+ `% A6 k现在进行时 am\is\are+doing(V.-ing) am\is\are+doing+done(V. p.p)
4 R* W; G& v" T6 s过去进行时 was\were+doing(V.-ing) was\were+doing+done(V.p.p)3 }! n, J( k5 z- x
现在完成时 have\has+done(V. p.p.) have\has+been+done(V. p.p)& M0 P% Z% b" u& |, B R
过去完成时 had+done(V. p.p.) had+been+done(V. p.p.)
0 s C; \6 `$ s情态动词 情态动词+V. 情态动词+be+done(V. p.p.)
' F, ]* [0 b2 P过去将来时 would/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.)
2 l" ~1 G: F9 v9 @4 `/ V* X2 E& k 翻译时有以下几种翻译方法:
" D9 C3 \0 M1 f6 m, |4 N* M! _) s①译成汉语被动句:使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为……所”等词。+ F4 g) z/ f0 Q# m1 l& X3 _
②增加主语,即动作的实际发出者,或虚拟发出者。0 o: L N$ U T* {% @% ?
③译成汉语无主句
9 `# ? Y& g) p 另外还有一些常用被动句旅游管理考研型的习惯译法,需要平时积累,比如:2 I3 W$ _1 r7 z2 K6 ^& \
It is hoped that... 希望……,有人希望……, \* A" n2 o- [* _7 J
It is assumed that... 假设……,假定……4 F7 P$ I3 H. D4 P5 v2 }. w8 n
It is claimed that... 据说……,有人主张……! Z$ ]4 w+ s1 D- W" q* U# L0 N; E9 T, J
It is believed that... 有人想信……,大家相信……( E' w( u7 A+ g1 T0 e
It is reported that... 据报道……,据通报……
. i: G/ `( f6 r3 H2 E' r It is considered that... 人们认为……,据估计……
' j _: g; X6 Q( T7 ~; A0 u3 B, Z It is said that... 据说……,有人说……
3 u* f3 t6 w7 M 【真题例句】
" k. f" i% s% l& W A4 |6 [; PIt is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.
' {+ o( X% i4 q' m: v 【解析】! w. i9 p+ j6 @
It is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
; r8 o* R3 f3 W$ M8 e主句:it is imagined,其中it为形式主语,而that引导的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主语从句,为真正的主语。原文中有三个被动语态is imagined,be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:“认为”、“相比”和“掌握”。具体为:- I& A. t" K U% p! P, z2 O
(1)It is imagined by many 此处是“It+被动语态+that”形式的处理,译为“很多人认为”。
+ Z- p" N$ S2 c' e" x(2)that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, 此处所用的是译成汉语主动句的处理方法,并保存原文主语译为“普通人的思维活动根本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比”。# C: j \/ I: O( T
(3)and that they have to be required by a sort of special training 此处所用的是译成汉语被动句的处理方法,译为“认医学考研论坛为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握”。4 D( M& @- o1 F; f. G
【参考译文】
8 P. G0 r$ G g 许多人以为,普通人的思维活动根考研培训本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比,认为这些思维过程是必须由某种专门训练才能掌握。& t/ }# Z/ a/ r; ^4 q5 }7 ?
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