[第三方看待中日关系]《经济学人》：中日难为友

灰鸦

China and Japan
So hard to be friends

Mar 23rd 2005
From The Economist print edition


China and Japan are increasingly inter-linked commercially. But their age-old political animus is reviving too
中日经济联系日益紧密，但与此同时，存在以久的政治敌意也重新兴起。


IF YOU want to think that Asia's two greatest powers are edging closer to one another, you can find plenty of supporting evidence. Last year, China overtook America to become Japan's biggest trading partner. Japan has been China's biggest trading partner in three of the past four years. Trade rows, common in the 1990s as Japanese producers grew afraid of Chinese competition, have virtually disappeared. The two economies are increasingly integrated, with cheap Chinese goods delighting Japanese shoppers and sophisticated Japanese equipment humming away in Chinese factories.

Moreover, China and Japan are taking part in the effort to launch an East Asian Community, bringing together South-East Asia with themselves and South Korea. They share an interest in preventing the dollar from declining rapidly and in keeping the exchange rate between the yuan and the yen fairly stable, and are therefore the two biggest buyers of American Treasury bonds. They also take part in broader regional co-operation between central banks and finance ministries under the so-called Chiang Mai agreement.

Until quite recently, some speculators and conspiracy theorists were even wondering whether China and Japan might in future make common cause in global affairs. Sure enough, defence ministry officials from the two countries, and even senior soldiers, have held cordial meetings with one another. Until the late 1990s, Chinese leaders often spoke admiringly of Japan as an economic model. And, most important of all, China and Japan have been willing collaborators in the American-led effort to persuade North Korea to relinquish its nuclear-weapons programme, through six-party talks (the other parties are Russia and South Korea). When Condoleezza Rice, America's secretary of state, made her Asian tour last week, she sent essentially the same message to North Korea from both Tokyo and Beijing.

Yet there has recently been a lot more evidence for the opposite view, namely that tensions are rising again between two of the 20th century's bitterest rivals. Last November, a Chinese submarine sailed into Japanese waters near its southern islands in an apparently deliberate attempt to test its detection systems, a tactic reminiscent of the Soviet navy's during the cold war. Japan, noticeably proud that its surveillance did indeed detect the sub, demanded—and got—an apology.

Last month, Japan deliberately made its position on Taiwan less ambiguous by declaring, in a joint statement with its American ally, that Taiwan is a mutual security concern. This not only meddled in China's internal affairs, in China's view, but also took Japan a symbolic step further past its constitutional restrictions on military action. In December, Japan's National Defence Programme Outline had described China itself as a source of “concern” for Japan. That concern was reinforced in early March by China's own announcement of a 12.6% rise in official defence spending to almost 250 billion yuan ($30 billion), a figure believed in Japan to understate true spending by 30-50%.

With community-building under way in East Asia, presumably the two countries' leaders can keep a lid on such tensions? Not really: although many officials, right up to the level of foreign ministers, have taken part in such co-operative efforts, that is as senior as it gets. There has been no official visit to China by the Japanese prime minister, Junichiro Koizumi, since October 2001, and none by the Chinese president to Japan since 1998, when Jiang Zemin went. Any top-level meetings have been brief affairs held on the margins of regional or global summits. No visits are currently being planned. It is the longest hiatus since the normalisation of diplomatic relations between China and Japan in 1972. The apparent reason: the events of 70 years ago when Japan invaded China, and Japan's unwillingness to show contrition about them in the manner demanded by China.

The list can go on. China and Japan have long argued over islands at the southern end of Japan's chain, known as the Senkaku in Japan and Diaoyu in China. Japan has recently assumed ownership of a lighthouse built on one by a nationalist group, in order to underline its claim, while China has been sending research and test-drilling ships into what Japan claims as its exclusive economic zone, north-east of the islands, in the hope of getting a share of oil and gas deposits there or, say some Japanese politicians, to map the sea bed for Chinese submariners.

On October 25th last year a meeting was held between Chinese and Japanese officials to try to launch negotiations about those marine resources, but it was a throwback to chillier days: it lasted ten hours, consisted only of prepared statements from both sides, and ended without agreement even on a date for a further meeting. The Japanese ruling party's committee dealing with this issue is now considering a proposal that Japan should send in its own test-drilling vessel. As such a vessel would in turn have to be protected by the Japanese navy and coastguards, that would be both a signal that Japan means business and a risk that a confrontation might follow.

[ Last edited by 灰鸦 on 2005-3-30 at 13:18 ]

灰鸦

The rise and rise of great powers
崛起的强国

Should outsiders be worried about this increased scratchiness in East Asia, or comforted by the notion that economic integration will in the end restrain political hot-heads? In reality, these competing views are two sides of the same coin. As both countries have become richer, more powerful and more important as trading partners, so they have become natural rivals for primacy within their region.

China and Japan have been rivals for the best part of a millennium. For much of that time, China had the upper hand. But from the mid-19th century until the 1990s it was in decline, both economically and politically, while Japan was in the ascendant, establishing colonies in Taiwan and Korea at the turn of the 20th century and then invading China itself in the 1930s. As Japan grew into an economic giant in the 1960s and 1970s, China was economically weak and preoccupied with the mayhem of its Cultural Revolution.

For the past three decades, since Deng Xiaoping began to convert China's economy from central planning to market-led capitalism, China has been on the up again. Trade with this rapidly growing and changing place is now ever more important to all countries, but especially to its neighbouring economic giant, Japan, and especially since Japan's stagnation in the wake of its stockmarket crash in 1990. China's rise, however, has also reinforced old worries on two scores: China's hunger for natural resources, including its territorial claims in the seas surrounding it, and its ability to modernise its armed forces, thus altering the strategic balance in the region and producing jitters in Japan.

Most of the world's existing rich countries combine a slavering ambition to profit from China's growing economy with a certain nervousness about competition from Chinese producers. Japan, at least currently, shows little of that commercial nervousness. The two economies are strikingly complementary. The Chinese manufacturers that fill Wal-Mart with their cheap goods and worry rivals in India and Mexico are too low-tech to cause much concern in Japan. That country's firms continue to dominate the higher-technology end of industries such as cars, machine tools and electronics. Kwan Chihung, an economist at the Nomura Institute for Capital Markets Research in Tokyo, has tried to work out how many of China's exports compete with Japanese output, compared with the overlap with other Asian producers. The table shows his conclusions: only a fifth of China's exports are in categories that compete with Japanese ones.

That could change in coming years, as Chinese manufacturers gain in sophistication. But China's ultra-cheap labour is likely for some time to tilt those firms towards labour-intensive processes and away from the more capital- and research-intensive ones favoured in higher-cost Japan. Meanwhile, rising demand in China, both from industry and consumers, is bringing huge benefits to Japanese firms, both in lower, metal-bashing trades and in higher-value businesses. About one-third of the growth in Japanese exports in the past two years has been accounted for by shipments to China and Hong Kong. Japanese firms' direct investment in China has grown too, reaching about $3.3 billion in the year to March 2003, though that was barely 6% of China's total inward foreign direct investment of more than $50 billion.

Yet while the two economies are complementary in terms of output, they are clearly competitors for resources. Last year China overtook Japan to become the world's second-largest importer of oil, after America. Increasingly, the countries are rivals for secure long-term supplies of oil and gas. Last year, for instance, they were at odds over whether Russia should build a new oil pipeline to China's north-east, or to its coast for shipment to Japan. That decision went Japan's way.

The sea-bed off Asia is home to numerous disputes over the ownership of various rocks and islets, all made potent by the prospect of oil and gas being found beneath the ocean. Japan has a dispute with South Korea over an island that Japan calls Takeshima (see article) and China is mixed up in quarrels with several South-East Asian countries over the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. All are potentially serious. But the ones between Japan and China risk becoming especially fractious, for they mix greed with fear, or at least national pride: a feeling, widely held on both sides, that what is at issue may be not just a few barrels of oil, but the whole future power balance in Asia.

[ Last edited by 灰鸦 on 2005-3-30 at 12:50 ]

灰鸦

History's burden
历史的担子

Listen to scholars, pundits and officials on both sides and you get the sense that today's tense relations between Japan and China stem both from the nasty history of the 20th century and from expectations or concerns about the shape of the 21st.

Most simply, this is expressed in mistrust. In both China and Japan these days opinion towards each other is quite varied; China no longer has a single party line and the Japanese debate has always been lively. The extremes on both sides are striking, however. Gao Heng, a scholar at the usually moderate Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, claims that some members of the Japanese government want to recolonise Taiwan; to that end, he says, Taiwanese military personnel are secretly being trained in Japan. Mr Gao, it should be noted, was born in 1939 while his parents were hiding from the Japanese in tunnels.

On the other hand, your correspondent recently heard a senior Japanese businessman give a speech (off the record) at a conference in Nagoya in which he described China's territorial ambitions in East Asia, and particularly its hunger for resources, as being akin to Hitler's Lebensraum policy in the 1930s, stating that it must be resisted at all costs. Had any Chinese been present, they would no doubt have reminded him of Japan's own hunger for resources during that decade.

Such pride and suspicion can also be found in popular protest and populist politics. Last August, a Japanese victory against China in the final of the Asian soccer cup in Beijing culminated in hooliganism by young Chinese supporters in which Japanese flags were burnt and a Japanese diplomatic car was vandalised. Such protests have also occurred whenever Japan's prime minister, Mr Koizumi, has made what have become his annual visits to the Yasukuni shrine in Tokyo, which is where the souls of all Japan's 2.5m war dead since 1853 are symbolically interred, including those of 14 class-A war criminals executed in 1948 after the Tokyo war-crimes trial. A group of top Japanese businessmen pleaded with him last year to stop the visits, claiming that their sales in China were being damaged. He refused angrily, saying that Japan's war dead must be honoured. But there was another implication, too: that Japan must no longer back down in the face of Chinese pressure. Chinese computer hackers have recently disabled Mr Koizumi's website.

China is not the only one of Japan's former colonies to protest about Mr Koizumi's visits to Yasukuni. South Korea does too, and historical memories still rankle in that country. But neither the protests nor the memories stand in the way of regular top-level summits between Japan and South Korea, as they do between Japan and China. Nor does South Korea continue to demand further and deeper apologies from the Japanese, as China does. In 1998 a visit by President Jiang Zemin to Tokyo was marred by Japan's rejection of Chinese demands for an apology that went beyond language accepted shortly beforehand by President Kim Dae-jung of South Korea. Although Japan certainly has a great deal to apologise for over the conduct of its imperial army in China in the 1930s and 1940s, its prime ministers and the emperor have made official apologies on 17 occasions since diplomatic relations with China were resumed in 1972.

A simple analogy for Japan and China in Asia is, of course, Germany and France in Europe. There has been no scene in Asia equivalent to Helmut Kohl and François Mitterrand holding hands at Verdun in 1984, saying “Never again”. Nor is any such scene likely as long as the countries' leaders refuse to meet. But there has also been no officially sanctioned equivalent of the Franco-German history textbook commission that, soon after 1945, assembled scholars to try to agree on a common account of the two countries' bitter history.

Japanese textbooks have been subject to a quarter-century of legal and official wrangles, particularly over the words used to describe the invasion of China (just an “advance” in some Japanese nationalists' books) and the notorious Rape of Nanjing in 1937 in which thousands, tens of thousands, or hundreds of thousands (depending on the historian) of unarmed Chinese were killed by the Japanese army. But Chinese textbooks are controversial too for their stridently anti-Japanese content. The tone was heightened, the Japanese say, in the early 1990s, when the Communist Party wanted to use nationalist fervour to dissipate opposition after their own Tiananmen Square massacre of unarmed Chinese in 1989. Hence the fact that many young Chinese seem just as anti-Japanese as their parents.



Defusing the tension
如何缓和紧张局面

Tensions between these two great powers, both fully conscious of their economic and political interests and of the weight of history, probably cannot be defused altogether for as long as the two countries' political systems remain so different, with China communist and Japan a democracy. That is also likely to put a strict limit on the East Asian Community's chances of becoming something like the European Union. Such entities require at least some willingness to share sovereignty, which China for the moment will not consider.

Tensions might be defused, though, if both governments agreed to seek ways to make history, and thus nationalism, less of a flashpoint. On the Japanese side, that really means a willingness to address two issues: the status of the Yasukuni shrine, and the question of compensation for the victims of war. On the Chinese side, it would require a willingness to sanction a joint textbook commission in which historians would be genuinely free to examine the two countries' history; a readiness to give up anti-Japanese propaganda; and a willingness to engage in serious negotiations about sea-bed rights.

A solution to the Yasukuni problem must almost certainly await a new Japanese prime minister in 2006, for Mr Koizumi has argued himself into a tight corner. He claims he must, on grounds of national honour, visit Japan's equivalent of America's Arlington National Cemetery. Yet he also claims that as Yasukuni has been, since the 1940s, a private religious institution, the government has no constitutional right to order it to change the status of the war criminals at the shrine. That is true, but it means that the solution should be to establish a genuine, government-run equivalent of Arlington or France's Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, at which prime ministers could pay homage without controversy.

The nub of the compensation issue is Japan's official contention that all wartime claims were settled in the 1951 San Francisco peace treaty. Yet, just as Germany has in recent years reopened questions of restitution for slave labourers, so Japan is likely to find itself under continued pressure to offer more comprehensive compensation, to forced labourers and wartime sex slaves, among others. Its problem, no doubt, is not only the potential breadth of the class of claimants, but also the current absence of a counterpart in China likely to negotiate in good faith.

Japan's own internal debate about its wartime motives and conduct certainly stands in the way of progress. In its pluralistic society, there are plenty who claim that Japan did little wrong in the 20th century. That minority view, though, gains strength when combined with a larger political feeling that in the face of Chinese growth and bullying Japan needs now to stand firm. Such bullying shows no more sign of easing than does the growth. Only once China stops trying to explore how far it can go, and instead decides to seek a rapprochement with its ancient rival, is the tension likely to ease.

[ Last edited by 灰鸦 on 2005-3-30 at 12:52 ]

rockwhy

要求翻译……

灰鸦

《经济学人》(the Economic)的特稿。西方人眼中的中日关系。
含糊的措词和对日本的袒护，可以窥视西方对中日关系中的立场。

灰鸦

rockwhy  在 2005-3-30 12:57 PM 发表:

要求翻译……

太长了.....
有时间再就一些关键语句翻译一下。