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在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍使用,但大多数句子都使用主动语态,在英语中极为重要。考研中常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动语态。; m1 g7 n2 R* D' ~5 ~
主动和被动语态的对比:$ d( i. p- |4 ]7 H H
主动语态 被动语态0 b) c$ a4 E8 Q% m2 ~$ v
一般现在时 ①is\am\are②do/does(V.\V.s) am\is\are+done(V. p.p)
; b! f1 W" @2 m8 M( f一般将来时 will\be going to\be (about)to+do(V.) will+be+done(V. p.p)
/ b+ r/ k5 }/ Z6 t/ \( o5 u3 ^# v一般过去时 ①was\were②did(V.-ed) was\were+done(V. p.p)
' h. U1 h4 f- L8 n: ?现在进行时 am\is\are+doing(V.-ing) am\is\are+doing+done(V. p.p)
+ B( a8 ?. A4 D1 k过去进行时 was\were+doing(V.-ing) was\were+doing+done(V.p.p)! N/ R9 o/ R: Q6 z( `/ S% `9 y
现在完成时 have\has+done(V. p.p.) have\has+been+done(V. p.p)
) v/ H0 { D" J: N过去完成时 had+done(V. p.p.) had+been+done(V. p.p.)0 n, D7 M7 k1 q" V! Z
情态动词 情态动词+V. 情态动词+be+done(V. p.p.)+ y* u- _3 K4 w* D& |
过去将来时 would/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.): M2 z5 g; _, _1 G$ L
翻译时有以下几种翻译方法:
2 Y. l0 C5 J! }% p7 A译成汉语被动句:使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为……所”等词。$ Z% H& E- k0 d( }. v3 U
②增加主语,即动作的实际发出者,或考研政治虚拟发出者。
) ~8 p0 X1 Q7 {3 D译成汉语无主句
8 q0 A1 H2 S9 _ 另外还有一些常用被动句考研英语真题型的习惯译法,需要平时积累,比如:' |- T4 I+ q1 \; l" z
It is hoped that... 希望……,有人希望……$ \5 [& k4 g6 f
It is assumed that... 假设……,假定……' {5 U8 U. S, ^% a3 Q
It is claimed that... 据说……,有人主张……
; [' g$ |' o1 p z/ q It is believed that... 有人想信……,大家相信……
$ q/ F2 _% _2 e: c" p% ^ It is reported that... 据报道……,据通报……3 D- @2 [- z# Q( x+ U7 t* y6 a/ ]* P
It is considered that... 人们认为……,据估计……) E1 d. s1 G7 C* r" e# K" `
It is said that... 据说……,有人说……0 P& q' K0 n: ?- Q3 {+ E, \
【真题例句】
3 ?! {0 A0 J$ ^; T/ r" CIt is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.
" l( X1 {6 J) l6 Z; m% ^ 【解析】
2 S9 ~0 C% g/ B4 u/ iIt is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
6 |, ^8 o9 h& g7 p) I主句:it is imagined,其中it为形式主语,而that引导的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主语从句,为真正的主语。原文中有三个被动语态is imagined,be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:“认为”、“相比”和“掌握”。具体为: |
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