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在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍使用,但大多数句子都使用主动语态,在英语中极为重要。考研中常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动语态。
% X& K/ R& X! S( l 主动和被动语态的对比:1 y* N) ?+ v) E# I6 ]3 _8 x5 k2 q
主动语态 被动语态3 m. W9 w; U0 J- G
一般现在时 ①is\am\are②do/does(V.\V.s) am\is\are+done(V. p.p)
4 [7 ~1 A1 b# n% e3 f& \ k一般将来时 will\be going to\be (about)to+do(V.) will+be+done(V. p.p), ?5 l7 Q7 Q1 j* R4 y( _
一般过去时 ①was\were②did(V.-ed) was\were+done(V. p.p)/ w2 c: [( p! Q d* Y
现在进行时 am\is\are+doing(V.-ing) am\is\are+doing+done(V. p.p)
7 C) W! o( C+ R5 O. x7 m过去进行时 was\were+doing(V.-ing) was\were+doing+done(V.p.p)! G6 N( Y1 {; V' b: y3 i% P* t
现在完成时 have\has+done(V. p.p.) have\has+been+done(V. p.p)9 ~2 y" z" [4 v$ w
过去完成时 had+done(V. p.p.) had+been+done(V. p.p.)
. |3 r+ a5 @/ K6 b# H- W情态动词 情态动词+V. 情态动词+be+done(V. p.p.)
# E& f5 x1 P4 W2 F过去将来时 would/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.)
7 H& \: e: L! m) E. i J 翻译时有以下几种翻译方法:: |4 c! U" `0 q
译成汉语被动句:使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为……所”等词。
! V+ o4 s2 ~: I! c! Z1 a* I, O8 g②增加主语,即动作的实际发出者,或考研政治虚拟发出者。
7 c, O. ?% |6 b! Z, o5 k% `译成汉语无主句
: `# e2 Q+ M9 c4 _* a/ l 另外还有一些常用被动句考研英语真题型的习惯译法,需要平时积累,比如:% U8 G5 o% d3 _2 W
It is hoped that... 希望……,有人希望……
5 _6 ^6 k) g6 F0 }, M It is assumed that... 假设……,假定……
) Y Y9 D v. t, r# k: v' {+ { It is claimed that... 据说……,有人主张……1 y; l3 x6 B7 X: v1 f
It is believed that... 有人想信……,大家相信……1 A0 f3 t4 D" `% s- Q' H
It is reported that... 据报道……,据通报……
$ ?! g/ `! L- x# W5 Z& l It is considered that... 人们认为……,据估计……
9 k C: C9 _* \( i9 o0 J It is said that... 据说……,有人说……' T2 [+ z( c- t1 P0 ]
【真题例句】
; e4 N* m, \1 {It is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.
* F6 D9 X# O: i/ T& C' X 【解析】
! {3 u5 i' g8 L6 T8 DIt is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.# \. ]8 Q5 L5 g
主句:it is imagined,其中it为形式主语,而that引导的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主语从句,为真正的主语。原文中有三个被动语态is imagined,be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:“认为”、“相比”和“掌握”。具体为: |
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