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在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍使用,但大多数句子都使用主动语态,在英语中极为重要。考研中常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动语态。. i* a$ E% o3 m' G: x) e
主动和被动语态的对比:- m; b0 ?7 X& \9 \
主动语态 被动语态
7 U3 j' c6 B9 L8 b7 P* q( c一般现在时 ①is\am\are②do/does(V.\V.s) am\is\are+done(V. p.p)" Z# N, C) q1 G1 }
一般将来时 will\be going to\be (about)to+do(V.) will+be+done(V. p.p)7 u6 i( ^6 A# W R- f
一般过去时 ①was\were②did(V.-ed) was\were+done(V. p.p)
6 _9 s" U7 ^% z& U3 `6 ?现在进行时 am\is\are+doing(V.-ing) am\is\are+doing+done(V. p.p)
5 T! s9 ^# T( Z x过去进行时 was\were+doing(V.-ing) was\were+doing+done(V.p.p)7 V, K; _6 g9 J5 C
现在完成时 have\has+done(V. p.p.) have\has+been+done(V. p.p)
7 v) m6 Q' N" C n0 n过去完成时 had+done(V. p.p.) had+been+done(V. p.p.). P/ G+ R8 L# p- k4 N$ X, P
情态动词 情态动词+V. 情态动词+be+done(V. p.p.)
$ Z8 A, Q0 N! r7 V过去将来时 would/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.)- ^4 y8 T3 ~: Q; A9 v9 w* U
翻译时有以下几种翻译方法:3 n% w( Y ?- I- |4 t
译成汉语被动句:使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为……所”等词。
# O& |4 R' S# t7 { o P u8 g- [5 j②增加主语,即动作的实际发出者,或考研政治虚拟发出者。
: K6 _/ P J6 T/ f& J' ]译成汉语无主句1 u v) ^, v" g3 j) N" n. w4 z
另外还有一些常用被动句考研英语真题型的习惯译法,需要平时积累,比如:. j" H0 u# v' V% r) q
It is hoped that... 希望……,有人希望……
6 N b- @" `% f. { It is assumed that... 假设……,假定……
4 }3 C4 s5 \6 t5 V2 G) C It is claimed that... 据说……,有人主张……( t2 @- T+ L; s* b! p% i9 [/ B+ H' a" r
It is believed that... 有人想信……,大家相信……
8 s) c1 x9 @( w6 ~2 @/ A2 W It is reported that... 据报道……,据通报……
) q! ~/ d% o; i7 x0 X, w( [0 b! | It is considered that... 人们认为……,据估计……3 e* e O/ a. Q1 Q: ]4 g$ _+ X. }
It is said that... 据说……,有人说……
3 c3 i* j) O- }) n' s' {- O 【真题例句】2 _8 Q/ i) H; h! `
It is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.* g) E; W! S W
【解析】5 Z4 }' t6 y0 K9 E, N1 i; f$ G
It is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.0 K5 b0 V( C6 L3 [
主句:it is imagined,其中it为形式主语,而that引导的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主语从句,为真正的主语。原文中有三个被动语态is imagined,be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:“认为”、“相比”和“掌握”。具体为: |
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