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在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍使用,但大多数句子都使用主动语态,在英语中极为重要。考研中常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动语态。
) w. x$ Y" | z/ O 主动和被动语态的对比:! \# Q' a- Q5 }3 `4 U& L
主动语态 被动语态
7 |: R t/ [- T/ @8 X7 [( M一般现在时 ①is\am\are②do/does(V.\V.s) am\is\are+done(V. p.p)
! ?" u- g0 y* L) |" V一般将来时 will\be going to\be (about)to+do(V.) will+be+done(V. p.p)
( D7 c- t" n( C8 t% V. J一般过去时 ①was\were②did(V.-ed) was\were+done(V. p.p)
6 P' \) k3 F3 ?3 V/ E( a现在进行时 am\is\are+doing(V.-ing) am\is\are+doing+done(V. p.p)- z i% v1 q1 M3 [3 D
过去进行时 was\were+doing(V.-ing) was\were+doing+done(V.p.p)1 ^: m" d2 N- q4 K2 y, P
现在完成时 have\has+done(V. p.p.) have\has+been+done(V. p.p)/ n1 ^! m. D' N4 [6 ?
过去完成时 had+done(V. p.p.) had+been+done(V. p.p.)3 D* w) A0 ]) M' v1 O5 `
情态动词 情态动词+V. 情态动词+be+done(V. p.p.)
: j/ D- x# Q. Z过去将来时 would/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.)
1 ^9 T& p/ Y: R9 c6 f5 ^ 翻译时有以下几种翻译方法:8 j$ f3 `+ c0 Y% T. l
译成汉语被动句:使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为……所”等词。. r' T# M5 Q, ]" C0 j
②增加主语,即动作的实际发出者,或考研政治虚拟发出者。
0 C2 z$ x ]8 b5 Y9 ^' W7 G$ Z& l译成汉语无主句5 K( \7 I6 `$ W! t/ @
另外还有一些常用被动句考研英语真题型的习惯译法,需要平时积累,比如:# Z. K' j+ b1 E) y/ d! d7 b5 ]
It is hoped that... 希望……,有人希望……
( }" |$ Z2 F5 L% ]7 Z It is assumed that... 假设……,假定……! ?0 I4 C+ M4 _6 d! _- o8 o. ]
It is claimed that... 据说……,有人主张……3 q1 H/ x0 e3 {- j" H
It is believed that... 有人想信……,大家相信……
/ O) b6 E. K z% P+ {2 f It is reported that... 据报道……,据通报……
8 w/ E6 Q$ B2 ?* y+ o. D It is considered that... 人们认为……,据估计……: x8 l/ o2 B7 j4 `9 Q9 }3 `
It is said that... 据说……,有人说……
/ p. A. Y9 g3 Q, ~ 【真题例句】
/ {% \: }. V6 U* X9 u! eIt is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.% @+ b* |; s5 O( d' t _" ?1 s
【解析】
5 k. P* d) b0 [% \3 pIt is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.' d/ l5 w' m4 H! a" {) U
主句:it is imagined,其中it为形式主语,而that引导的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主语从句,为真正的主语。原文中有三个被动语态is imagined,be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:“认为”、“相比”和“掌握”。具体为: |
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