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在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍使用,但大多数句子都使用主动语态,在英语中极为重要。考研中常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动语态。1 M2 U7 r- `$ D4 v! f: ^2 O( t
主动和被动语态的对比:2 O& x$ V( o$ o0 v0 i
主动语态 被动语态, O0 h& h7 u( _. v
一般现在时 ①is\am\are②do/does(V.\V.s) am\is\are+done(V. p.p)
: F4 N+ I% O- ]+ x+ D一般将来时 will\be going to\be (about)to+do(V.) will+be+done(V. p.p)" \- a6 \0 b9 \. Z5 b2 ]/ i
一般过去时 ①was\were②did(V.-ed) was\were+done(V. p.p)! Z8 Q4 I" P0 R; G4 v7 }+ {. p* C/ f! |
现在进行时 am\is\are+doing(V.-ing) am\is\are+doing+done(V. p.p)
) K: }* A0 U/ l9 y! f$ D6 A过去进行时 was\were+doing(V.-ing) was\were+doing+done(V.p.p)
5 ?' k3 g/ {& d( N: E5 k现在完成时 have\has+done(V. p.p.) have\has+been+done(V. p.p)
A) ~& K, s0 \; i/ n1 z过去完成时 had+done(V. p.p.) had+been+done(V. p.p.)
% A# t5 p8 y- } j& c情态动词 情态动词+V. 情态动词+be+done(V. p.p.)
/ a6 D" v& I, f% B/ M" g0 |, b: Y过去将来时 would/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.)) g' t$ j: k, k/ f( j* e- X
翻译时有以下几种翻译方法:+ z4 U4 }. d. A5 _2 N0 C# {
译成汉语被动句:使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为……所”等词。" q' ~2 Q4 \) t2 ~ z @' H' U1 L
②增加主语,即动作的实际发出者,或考研政治虚拟发出者。. X2 S' a1 l1 ]% D8 S' p
译成汉语无主句
) C) P2 b' |9 E" U3 @4 j 另外还有一些常用被动句考研英语真题型的习惯译法,需要平时积累,比如:
8 f) ?* K$ c1 A! a- W4 H3 | It is hoped that... 希望……,有人希望……
2 S9 q; I. K+ Z* K9 b/ J It is assumed that... 假设……,假定……
3 w' k. | L0 } It is claimed that... 据说……,有人主张……
; d5 [& I1 Y) b M2 M7 s" j& s7 e It is believed that... 有人想信……,大家相信……1 P) ?1 ]4 ]8 h
It is reported that... 据报道……,据通报……
& J8 E' g; R0 X' [- P/ U& H. \ It is considered that... 人们认为……,据估计……% b2 T$ O. r. M! H+ T; F
It is said that... 据说……,有人说…… W: H! r- ~5 s$ o& k2 x
【真题例句】
$ i) @- e) K0 rIt is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.5 M) v, C9 q8 i) ~. E: h3 [/ ]% Y
【解析】
: o2 g [* i o/ eIt is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.* S2 V) l- A* Z# Q
主句:it is imagined,其中it为形式主语,而that引导的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主语从句,为真正的主语。原文中有三个被动语态is imagined,be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:“认为”、“相比”和“掌握”。具体为: |
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