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在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍使用,但大多数句子都使用主动语态,在英语中极为重要。考研中常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动语态。7 @0 g) f6 R% w& c- o9 m
主动和被动语态的对比:4 D1 x' {9 e7 Z
主动语态 被动语态% R4 P! I* d& j$ J, n4 j1 b) D5 o
一般现在时 ①is\am\are②do/does(V.\V.s) am\is\are+done(V. p.p)
$ ]$ t4 v: G" G9 D2 c一般将来时 will\be going to\be (about)to+do(V.) will+be+done(V. p.p)
7 R' v8 @, I% ?一般过去时 ①was\were②did(V.-ed) was\were+done(V. p.p)' e, H$ T5 z. `2 l/ }/ V! {
现在进行时 am\is\are+doing(V.-ing) am\is\are+doing+done(V. p.p)( T/ G5 p% F- ?+ F' S
过去进行时 was\were+doing(V.-ing) was\were+doing+done(V.p.p)
3 X! c. o$ R( v( a4 v) P1 G. E现在完成时 have\has+done(V. p.p.) have\has+been+done(V. p.p)1 u1 ~- a1 Q2 [5 F, j& H
过去完成时 had+done(V. p.p.) had+been+done(V. p.p.)
: U) n/ T0 c! g0 ~9 Y. u情态动词 情态动词+V. 情态动词+be+done(V. p.p.)# X! n# a. a, R3 U- s( {
过去将来时 would/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.)
% N9 F1 W3 g; R1 u' Y1 R; R 翻译时有以下几种翻译方法:9 _( A; N; r6 H
译成汉语被动句:使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为……所”等词。
' h6 X4 N! w% ~7 C" i( j! J9 C* {②增加主语,即动作的实际发出者,或考研政治虚拟发出者。1 F( H6 ^+ |6 q$ }! N
译成汉语无主句
) s, [" A. u$ T* t+ W: Z; @: H 另外还有一些常用被动句考研英语真题型的习惯译法,需要平时积累,比如:8 P; Y( t& g: A2 f4 ]
It is hoped that... 希望……,有人希望……, n+ b {3 H- X5 `1 p' I
It is assumed that... 假设……,假定……' Q/ t! e* c, e% r
It is claimed that... 据说……,有人主张……
$ V4 g9 M F" }! V It is believed that... 有人想信……,大家相信……
/ K8 g% e) f, }8 ?9 b7 M It is reported that... 据报道……,据通报……5 I; |1 _( T* k7 f) B( N7 d b
It is considered that... 人们认为……,据估计……8 m4 o! a: D3 B
It is said that... 据说……,有人说……& t+ ^( Z" n: U3 u+ p+ p" `& n
【真题例句】4 J, M8 i+ ?, G E2 ]
It is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.
0 R: S' @. o; ]) Z6 f$ Z 【解析】
6 ~9 }/ [. V) T; r0 v C3 TIt is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
1 a9 j* h% U: b& |2 U主句:it is imagined,其中it为形式主语,而that引导的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主语从句,为真正的主语。原文中有三个被动语态is imagined,be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:“认为”、“相比”和“掌握”。具体为: |
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