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在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍使用,但大多数句子都使用主动语态,在英语中极为重要。考研中常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动语态。4 A/ w$ v. v- `9 t- C* Y
主动和被动语态的对比:
" E) R( ~$ m5 q. ~+ ] 主动语态 被动语态) g" L% s$ g" {/ N q, _
一般现在时 ①is\am\are②do/does(V.\V.s) am\is\are+done(V. p.p); Y. C* ~1 W& p7 n. p: v
一般将来时 will\be going to\be (about)to+do(V.) will+be+done(V. p.p)' X9 S4 r- D8 d; B0 t: t
一般过去时 ①was\were②did(V.-ed) was\were+done(V. p.p)
( v6 Z7 L" U1 k现在进行时 am\is\are+doing(V.-ing) am\is\are+doing+done(V. p.p)" L ~: t! a* l1 ]7 J! ~) t* {( n( C! s
过去进行时 was\were+doing(V.-ing) was\were+doing+done(V.p.p)
" w2 H/ n$ e' Y; S现在完成时 have\has+done(V. p.p.) have\has+been+done(V. p.p)
' q. h3 b1 G/ P# R过去完成时 had+done(V. p.p.) had+been+done(V. p.p.)
3 P+ Y% @: ` O6 f8 c- A0 y情态动词 情态动词+V. 情态动词+be+done(V. p.p.): C& i$ l8 s8 W, Z. ~- m& h* h3 F v
过去将来时 would/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.)- O! C9 C) u+ t* H
翻译时有以下几种翻译方法:9 b! L- k) N7 }! p" I \) d8 |' J
译成汉语被动句:使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为……所”等词。
( {+ V- j3 h2 F! }3 `②增加主语,即动作的实际发出者,或考研政治虚拟发出者。
$ s* _4 D/ \# ^9 I译成汉语无主句
$ f$ k' M9 q! u. p* l 另外还有一些常用被动句考研英语真题型的习惯译法,需要平时积累,比如:
# k; r6 u* r: O, p3 | It is hoped that... 希望……,有人希望……$ ]5 k7 F( N$ `! M. v0 Z
It is assumed that... 假设……,假定……
9 V# E1 J4 f2 E u: G, ] It is claimed that... 据说……,有人主张……
0 ^- @! o: P8 D, m It is believed that... 有人想信……,大家相信……, v" t9 t6 q! _/ w& f
It is reported that... 据报道……,据通报……# ]7 E$ ^- n& e+ a8 _! e/ z
It is considered that... 人们认为……,据估计……
( C, t1 v0 K1 F' `5 m3 | It is said that... 据说……,有人说……
4 {: T) d+ C) K& P, S2 v 【真题例句】
' z5 Q f2 C& b) W& j _* O0 N2 cIt is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.
5 f, _& D! g8 W$ A3 M 【解析】
" C: {) {+ Z. mIt is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.) A' n, Q: x4 A8 p
主句:it is imagined,其中it为形式主语,而that引导的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主语从句,为真正的主语。原文中有三个被动语态is imagined,be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:“认为”、“相比”和“掌握”。具体为: |
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