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在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍使用,但大多数句子都使用主动语态,在英语中极为重要。考研中常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动语态。
9 q! F9 R5 c" [1 F3 l% X 主动和被动语态的对比:* U: y' S5 z/ }
主动语态 被动语态
) H8 e3 y5 Y* x: x5 S! z一般现在时 ①is\am\are②do/does(V.\V.s) am\is\are+done(V. p.p)3 Z( N9 ^4 m0 E2 H0 ^+ }
一般将来时 will\be going to\be (about)to+do(V.) will+be+done(V. p.p)( p; J+ |" x8 R2 U9 z3 W
一般过去时 ①was\were②did(V.-ed) was\were+done(V. p.p)/ l9 d! R& _4 X+ P0 T
现在进行时 am\is\are+doing(V.-ing) am\is\are+doing+done(V. p.p)# _( G0 s3 y+ k/ s0 F
过去进行时 was\were+doing(V.-ing) was\were+doing+done(V.p.p)5 l$ U6 H+ O3 b N5 C
现在完成时 have\has+done(V. p.p.) have\has+been+done(V. p.p)
: ^& F! @( [- q, c8 `过去完成时 had+done(V. p.p.) had+been+done(V. p.p.); s- a5 i6 }7 ?. s) U. A! r+ V1 J
情态动词 情态动词+V. 情态动词+be+done(V. p.p.)
. a3 m# E5 r, w( k% ]2 k过去将来时 would/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.)
1 D1 v) s; J5 s4 A8 K 翻译时有以下几种翻译方法:) x$ R; ]8 e; l. ^ u* Z. ]
译成汉语被动句:使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为……所”等词。
/ k3 ]5 |" d4 d②增加主语,即动作的实际发出者,或考研政治虚拟发出者。; H$ F, i& h0 t# w
译成汉语无主句) c5 N0 p' s7 g, N' A8 I; O- N
另外还有一些常用被动句考研英语真题型的习惯译法,需要平时积累,比如:
- \# R+ a( R- x. P It is hoped that... 希望……,有人希望……
9 y. v8 d N( ?2 k6 r% d+ f It is assumed that... 假设……,假定……4 ~1 t2 ]( @1 L% {0 b3 k5 i9 h
It is claimed that... 据说……,有人主张……7 B: J; E* B' W) a! l
It is believed that... 有人想信……,大家相信……
; n- L- O0 u1 q1 T; W. |6 M3 v/ Q It is reported that... 据报道……,据通报……- A$ ?9 c* P4 V: E
It is considered that... 人们认为……,据估计……
1 i4 O4 C# S7 G' K It is said that... 据说……,有人说……
9 K& I* S! {2 m- H 【真题例句】
( j/ H' F5 A9 x: {& AIt is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.
" r i8 p% e' L4 P1 K# [; c9 [ 【解析】
1 a, n* I2 ]2 o: E6 y2 \It is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training." g1 q3 c3 J3 p+ t1 i' Z8 K) G4 z
主句:it is imagined,其中it为形式主语,而that引导的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主语从句,为真正的主语。原文中有三个被动语态is imagined,be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:“认为”、“相比”和“掌握”。具体为: |
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