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在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍使用,但大多数句子都使用主动语态,在英语中极为重要。考研中常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动语态。
& P! c( O2 ?. i3 I9 _' L 主动和被动语态的对比:+ `) d/ H% U% f2 G( I
主动语态 被动语态
" [. J }5 }/ Y一般现在时 ①is\am\are②do/does(V.\V.s) am\is\are+done(V. p.p)
9 \( e- Q' Z I一般将来时 will\be going to\be (about)to+do(V.) will+be+done(V. p.p)
+ r: |; l2 R d0 `一般过去时 ①was\were②did(V.-ed) was\were+done(V. p.p)( S% S' @/ {* v+ l* N+ S
现在进行时 am\is\are+doing(V.-ing) am\is\are+doing+done(V. p.p)( Y5 u8 f3 D# h
过去进行时 was\were+doing(V.-ing) was\were+doing+done(V.p.p)
" }& B. A2 o' H$ B* ?* X5 R现在完成时 have\has+done(V. p.p.) have\has+been+done(V. p.p)1 t: Z- `" Q; D ~& Y" ?
过去完成时 had+done(V. p.p.) had+been+done(V. p.p.)3 H; ]9 Z9 |+ f# e! n- j. o
情态动词 情态动词+V. 情态动词+be+done(V. p.p.)
5 G" K& S( T$ a过去将来时 would/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.). m$ H! e; Y- ~6 N, I- ^0 Z& I
翻译时有以下几种翻译方法:
$ s! U J& q7 w译成汉语被动句:使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为……所”等词。
6 J* I q5 H( Q* J: R+ m②增加主语,即动作的实际发出者,或考研政治虚拟发出者。
! e# z6 M& Y; X$ L/ N7 E译成汉语无主句
6 a2 q2 U: D. A# i3 i* S 另外还有一些常用被动句考研英语真题型的习惯译法,需要平时积累,比如:& K" C- `6 z* }# J* R1 V {0 E \( W& o' @
It is hoped that... 希望……,有人希望……( B* P5 C+ X5 @/ m
It is assumed that... 假设……,假定……
9 p. u: r+ _& Z Z' `/ w3 d2 G It is claimed that... 据说……,有人主张……2 d( k3 Y2 _$ }1 Y; y0 x2 s
It is believed that... 有人想信……,大家相信……" u' V5 B. R% I/ p& d/ y0 E
It is reported that... 据报道……,据通报……
% a4 E, S, E) V9 A It is considered that... 人们认为……,据估计……# H$ P& C' o" b( F0 B
It is said that... 据说……,有人说……
/ y- l- y9 A# D" i- R; B' H& a+ p$ U 【真题例句】7 k. ]% i& ^4 R( P( s. T: Z5 Z |
It is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.
2 j/ p. \" m/ Q3 K# e- x 【解析】
) h8 [; `: [+ G9 d3 ]It is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
) o$ m1 ]; U0 b0 l2 H' y: `4 Y主句:it is imagined,其中it为形式主语,而that引导的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主语从句,为真正的主语。原文中有三个被动语态is imagined,be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:“认为”、“相比”和“掌握”。具体为: |
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